Raghubir Singh

“The fundamental condition of the West is one of guilt, linked to death—from which black is inseparable. The fundamental condition of India, however, is the cycle of rebirth, in which color is not just an essential element but also a deep inner source, reaching into the subcontinent’s long and rich past.”  Raghubir Singh

From Wikipedia

Raghubir Singh (1942–1999) was an Indian photographer, most known for his landscapes and documentary-style photographs of the people of India.[1] He was a self-taught photographer who worked in India and lived in Paris, London and New York. During his career he worked with National Geographic Magazine, The New York Times, The New Yorker and Time. In the early 1970s, he was one of the first photographers to reinvent the use of color at a time when color photography was still a marginal art form.[2][3]

Singh belonged to a tradition of small-format street photography, working in color, that for him this represented the intrinsic value of Indian aesthetics.[4] According to his 2004 retrospective his “documentary-style vision was neither sugarcoated, nor abject, nor controllingly omniscient”.[5][6] Deeply influenced as he was by modernism, he liberally took inspiration from Rajasthani miniatures as well as Mughal paintings, and Bengal, a place where he felt the fusion of western modernist ideas and vernacular Indian art took place for the first time, evident in practitioners of the Bengal school, and also the humanism of the filmmaker Satyajit Ray. “Beauty, nature, humanism and spirituality were the cornerstones of Indian culture” for him and became the bedrock for his work.[7]

Singh published 14 well-received books on the Ganges, Calcutta, Benares, his native Rajasthan, Grand Trunk Road, and the Hindustan Ambassador car.[8] Today his work is part of the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, amongst others.[9.

Early life and education

Singh was born in 1942 in Jaipur, into an aristocratic Rajput family. His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the Jaipur Armed Forces, his father a Thakur or feudal landowner of Khetri (now in Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan). After independence his family saw a dwindling of their fortunes.[10] As a schoolboy, he discovered Beautiful Jaipur, Cartier-Bresson‘s little-known book published in 1948, which inspired his interest in photography.[11]

After his schooling at St. Xavier’s School, Jaipur, he joined the Hindu College (Delhi) but dropped out in his first year.[10] It was here that he took seriously to photography.[2][3]

Career

Photographer

Singh first shifted base to Calcutta to make a career in the tea industry, as had his elder brother before him. This turned out to be unsuccessful, but by this time, he had started to take photographs.[2] In Calcutta, Singh met the historian R. P. Gupta, who later wrote for his first book Ganges (1974). Singh was gradually introduced to a circle of city artists who deeply influenced his later work, especially the realism of filmmaker Satyajit Ray, who later designed the cover of his first book and wrote the introduction of his Rajasthan book.[12]:221 This also set a precedent for literary input in his future books, as in the coming years the writer V. S. Naipaul conducted a dialogue with him for the preface to his book on Bombay (1994), while R. K. Narayan wrote the introduction to Tamil Nadu (1997).[10][7]

By the mid-1960s, Life Magazine published eight pages of his photographs about student unrest. He later moved to Hong Kong and started doing photo features for National Geographic Magazine, The New York Times…[2][10]

After a decade of travelling along the Ganges, Singh published his first book, Ganges in 1974, with an introduction by Eric Newby.[10] Though his early work was inspired by Henri Cartier-Bresson‘s documentary-style photographs of India, he chose colour as his medium, responding to the vivid colours of India, and over time adapted western techniques to Indian aesthetics.[13]

In the 1970s, Singh moved to Paris and during three decades of rigorous training and exposure he carved a series of portfolios of colour photography on India. His style was influenced by Mughal painting and Rajasthani miniature paintings, where too within the overall framework, individual sections display autonomy.[12]:223

In his early work Singh focused on the geographic and social anatomy of cities and regions of India. His work on Bombay in the early 1990s marks a turning point in his stylistic development.

Teacher

In addition to his photographic work, Singh taught in New York at the School of Visual Arts, Columbia University and Cooper Union.[10]

Awards

Personal life

In 1972, he married Anne de Henning, also a photographer, and the couple had a daughter, Devika Singh.

Singh died on 18 April 1999 of a heart attack.[15] Upon his death, the art critic Max Kozloff wrote, “If you can imagine what a Rajput miniaturist could have learned from Henri Cartier-Bresson, you’ll have a glimmer of Raghubir Singh’s aesthetic.”[16]

On December 3rd, 2017, artist Jaishri Abichandani organized a protest outside the Met Breuer, where Singh’s “Modernism on the Ganges” opened as an exhibit on October 11, 2017. After inviting her to India in 1995, Abichandani claims that Singh isolated her and committed sexual assault. She claims to have been under the impression that the trip was a professional one, and that she made her non-consent known.[17]

Publications

Singh published over 14 books. In the last of these, A Way into India (2002), published posthumously, the Ambassador car in which he travelled in all his journeys across Indian since 1957 becomes a camera obscura. Singh uses its doors and windshield to frame and divide his photographs. In the accompanying text, John Baldessari compares Singh to Orson Welles for his juxtaposition of near and far and to Mondrian for his fragmentation of space.[9][18]

  • Ganga: Sacred River of India (1974), Perennial Press, Bombay
  • Calcutta (1975), (preface by Joseph Lelyveld), Perennial Press, Bombay
  • Rajasthan (1981), (preface by Satyajit Ray) Thames and Hudson, London and New York, Editions du Chêne, Paris, and Perennial Press, Bombay. ISBN 0-500-54070-5.
  • Kumbh Mela (1981), Arthaud, Paris, and Perennial Press, Bombay
  • Kashmir: Garden of the Himalayas (1983), Thames and Hudson, London and New York, and Perennial Press, Bombay
  • Kerala: The Spice Coast of India (1986), Thames and Hudson, London and New York, and Editions du Chêne, Paris. ISBN 0-500-24125-2.
  • Banaras: The Sacred City of India (1987), Thames and Hudson, London and New York, and Editions du Chêne, Paris
  • Calcutta: the home and the street (1988), Thames and Hudson, London and New York, and Editions du Chêne, Paris. ISBN 0-500-24133-3.
  • The Ganges (1992), Thames and Hudson, London and New York, and Aperture, New York (Japanese, German and Italian editions)
  • Bombay: Gateway to India (1994), (conversation with V.S. Naipaul), Aperture, New York, and Perennial Press, Bombay. ISBN 0-89381-583-7.
  • The Grand Trunk Road (1995), Aperture, New York, and Perennial Press, Bombay
  • Tamil Nadu (1997), (preface by R.K. Narayan), DAP, New York. ISBN 1-881616-66-5
  • River of Colour: The India of Raghubir Singh (1998, 2000, 2006), Phaidon Press, London (2000 French and German editions). ISBN 0-7148-3996-5.
  • A Way Into India (2002), Phaidon Press, London. ISBN 9780714842110. Designed by Gavin Ambrose for Alan Fletcher at Phaidon Press

Exhibitions

In 1998 the Art Institute of Chicago organized a retrospective exhibition of his work which was still on show at the time of his death. The book River of Colour was published on the occasion of this exhibition.[9]

In February 1999, what had been intended as a retrospective of his work at mid-career opened at the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, after showing at the Bon Marché in Paris and the Art Institute of Chicago.[11]

Solo exhibitions

  • 1983 Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown
  • 1983 Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego
  • 1984 Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design
  • 1984 Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge
  • 1984 Duke University, Durham
  • 1985 University of California Museum, Berkeley
  • 1985 Pace McGill Gallery, New York
  • 1987 Arnolfini Gallery, Bristol
  • 1987 National Museum of Photography, Bradford
  • 1989 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC [10]
  • 1991 Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, Arizona
  • 1992 Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas
  • 1992 Sewall Art Gallery, Houston, Texas
  • 1992 Piramal Gallery, National Center for Performing Arts, Bombay
  • 1994 Piramal Gallery, National Center for Performing Arts, Bombay
  • 1994 Burden Gallery, Aperture Foundation, New York
  • 1995 Max Mueller Bhawan, New Delhi
  • 1998 Feature Inc., New York
  • 1999 National Gallery of Modern Art, Bombay
  • 1999 National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
  • 1999 The Art Institute of Chicago
  • 2001 The Museum of Photography, Tel-Hai
  • 2002 Foundation Querini Stampalia, Venice
  • 2003 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC
  • 2004 Sepia Gallery, New York
  • 2005 National Museum of Photography, Bradford
  • 2005 Galerie f5.6, Munich
  • 2005 Paris Photo
  • 2006 Lille 3000: Colysée de Lambersart
  • 2006 Lille 3000: Maison Folie, Wazemmes
  • 2008 The Gallery at Hermès, New York and Berlin (with Dayanita Singh)[19]
  • 2017 The Met Breuer, New York

Group exhibitions

  • 2001: Century City, Tate Modern, London
  • 2001: Instant City, Pecci Museum of Contemporary Art, Prato
  • 2002: Open City, The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford
  • 2002: Open City, The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington DC
  • 2002: Overnight to Many Cities, The Photographers’ Gallery, London
  • 2002: Photography Past/Forward: Aperture at 50, Burden Gallery, New York
  • 2004: Faces in the Crowd, Whitechapel Gallery, London
  • 2005: Faces in the Crowd, Castello di Rivoli, Turin
  • 2006: L’Inde dans tous les sens, Espace Louis Vuitton, Paris
  • 2006: Bombay: Maximum City, Tripostal, Lille
  • 2007: Namesake/Inspiration, Sepia Gallery, New York
  • 2007: Public Places, Private Spaces: Contemporary Photography and Video Art, Newark Museum, Newark Museum, Newark
  • 2007: Urban Manners: Contemporary Artists from India, Hangar Bicocca, Milan
  • 2008: First Doubt: Optical Confusion in Modern Photography, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven
  • 2008: India Moderna, IVAM, Valencia
  • 2008: Of National Interest: Photographs from the Collection, 2008: The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
  • 2008: Public Places, Private Spaces: Contemporary Photography and Video Art, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis

Public collections

 

In his last work A Way into India, published posthumously, the Ambassador car becomes a camera obscura. Singh uses its doors and windshield to frame and divide his photographs.

Publications